schizophrenia | diaschisis | diaschisma | schisis | schism | schisma | schismatic | schizocarp | schizogamy | schizogony | schizoid | schizotrichia | schizogenesis | Schizomida | schizopod

Wiktionary | http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm | Cognatarium


Greek schizein "to split" + phren "mind"


Yiddish 'shm-' (imitative/derogatory prefix)


excessive | overly sentimental | exaggerated emotion

schmaltzy | schmaltzily | schmaltzfest | schmaltziness | schmaltzfests


institution for education | place of learning

scholar | scholastic | scholiast | scholium Variant Spellings: school unrelated: school (of fish) | school

Greek skholē 'leisure, sabbatical, school'


place of learning | group of students | branch of knowledge

schools | schooly | schooled | schooler | deschool | reschool


Schwarze, Schwarzer, Schwarzen, Schwarzes, Schwarzen

From Middle High German swarz, from Old High German swarz, from Proto-Germanic *swartaz (cf. English 'shroud', 'shirt' via PIE *swer- 'to darken').


science, conscious, conscience, prescient, scienced

Cognatarium | https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/ | Wikidata


σκιά (skiá), σκιάς


sciatic nerve | related to the sciatic nerve

Latin ischias, from Greek ischias 'hip, sciatica', from ischion 'hip joint'


science, scientific, scientist, sciences

sciences | sciencey | scienced | unscience | inscience | geoscience

Latin scientia 'knowledge', from scire 'to know'


scintigraphy, scintilla, scintillate, scintillometer, scintiscanner


to sparkle | to emit sparks | to shine brightly


Latin scio 'I know' (past participle stem scit-)


rescind | scissors | abscissa | abscission | rescission | scissile | scission unrelated: cis2 / scissors.


scissors | scissored | scissorer | scissoring | scissorers | scissorbill

From Old French 'cisor' or 'ciser', derived from the Latin 'caedere' meaning 'to cut'.


σκέλλειν (skéllein) | σκληρός (sklērós) | σκληρότης (sklērótēs) | σκέλλειν(skéllein) | σκληρός(sklērós) | σκληρότης(sklērótēs) | Greek skopos : a mark | spy | watcher | object of attention | goal | target --> skopein : to see


otosclerosis | Eurosclerosis | acrosclerosis | osteosclerosis | adenosclerosis | fibrosclerosis

Greek σκληρός (sklērós), hard, harden; + -σῐς (-sis), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process


to mock | to deride | to express contempt

scoffs | scoffed | scoffer | scofflaw | scoffing | scoffers


scolds | scolder | scolded | scoldee | scolding | scolders

Middle English scolden, from Old English scoldan 'to scold, rebuke'


σκώληξ | σκώληκος (skṓlēx | skṓlēkos) | σκώληκος(skṓlēx


σκόμβρος (skómbros) | σκόμβρος(skómbros)


a light fixture | a bracket for a candle

sconces | sconced | ensconce | ensconced | ensconces | ensconcement

Middle French 'esconce' (to shield, protect)


to pick up | to hollow out | a utensil for lifting

scoops | scoopy | scooper | scooped | scooping | scoopers

From Middle Dutch 'scoep' or 'scoepel', meaning a shovel or scoop, likely of Germanic origin.


scoots | scooter | scooters | scooting | scooterist | scooterboy

From Dutch 'schoot' meaning 'lap' or 'folds of a garment', likely via the notion of sliding into one's lap or moving swiftly like a fold unfolding.


derivational suffix affix bound morpheme

tool for observation | device for visual inspection | instrument aligned with the function or method indicated by the initial component

scoped | scopes | scoper | scopey | descope | rescope

Greek skopos 'watcher, target' from skopein 'to look at'


horoscope | gyroscope | microscope | periscope | stethoscope | telescope | kaleidoscope


derivational | derivational suffix affix bound morpheme

act of observing | perceive visually | inspect | monitor | method of analyzing what's indicated by the preceding element | The act of {prev}

endoscopy | horoscope | gyroscope | microscope | periscope | stethoscope | telescope | cystoscopy | microscopy

horoscope | gyroscope | microscope | periscope | stethoscope | telescope | cystoscopy | endoscopy | microscopy

uroscopy | bioscopy | otoscopy | geoscopy | exoscopy | anoscopy

Greek σκοπέω (skopéō) | to look at | behold | examine | a formative element < Greek -σκοπία observation OED


scorchy | scorcher | scorched | scorches | bescorch | scorching


scores | scored | scorer | scorers | rescore | scoreth


scorns | scorny | scorned | scorner | scornee | bescorn

Old French 'escorn' (to mock, to deride)


scorpions | scorpionfly | scorpionate | scorpionfish | scorpionates | scorpionlike

Latin 'scorpio' (genitive 'scorpionis') meaning scorpion


scots | Scotic | Scotish | scotale | Scottish | scotales


scotched | scotches | hopscotch | scotching | Scotchman | Scotchgard

From the brand name 'Scotch' (a colloquial term for stingy or cheap, originally referring to the thinness of the tape), combined with 'tape'.


scotosis | scotopsin | scotophase | scotoscope | scotogenic | scotograph

From Greek skōtía 'darkness' (from skotos 'dark') + -o- combining form, though the record's definition 'Scotland' is likely an error conflating it with 'Scoto-' (from Scots/Gaelic) or 'Scot-' (from Scotus). Given the form 'scoto-' and Greek language tag, the etymology refers to darkness.


scoundrels | scoundrelly | scoundrelry | scoundreldom | scoundrelism | scoundrelous

From Middle French 'escoundrel' or 'escandrel', likely from Old French 'escandir' (to scandalize) or related to 'scandal', originally meaning one who causes scandal or disgrace.


to clean by rubbing | to search thoroughly

scours | scourer | scouring | scourers | scourage | scoureth

Old French escourrer 'to chase, hunt, or clear'


scourged | scourges | scourger | scourgers | scourgeth | unscourged


to explore | to reconnoiter | to search ahead

scouts | scouty | scouted | Scouter | scouting | outscout

Middle English 'skoute', related to 'out'


scowls | scowly | scowled | scowling | scowleth | scowlest

From Old English 'scūlian' meaning 'to hide, conceal', likely related to hiding one's face in anger or shame.


scramble, scrambled, scrambler, scrambling

From Dutch 'schramme' meaning 'to scramble' or 'to mix', possibly related to 'schram' (scratch).


scrambled | scrambles | scrambler | unscramble | scramblers | rescramble

Middle English 'scramelen' (to mix, jumble)


scraps | scrappy | scrapped | scrapper | scrappie | scrapman

Middle English scrap, from Old French escrap 'shred, fragment', from Frankish *skrap 'to scrape'


scratch, scratched, scratching, scratches

scratchy | scratched | scratches | scratcher | scratchie | bescratch

Middle English 'skratchen', likely of Germanic origin


to write hurriedly | messy writing | scribble

scrawly | scrawls | scrawled | bescrawl | scrawler | scrawling

imitative of the sound or motion of writing


screams | screamy | screamer | screamed | screaming | screamers

Old English scrēamian, of imitative origin


screed | screes | screeds | screeder | screelike

Middle English 'skre', from Old Norse 'skri' meaning 'to slide'


screechy | screeches | screeched | screecher | screeching | screechers

From Old English scrēacian, from Proto-Germanic *skrek-.


screens | onscreen | screener | screened | descreen | screenie


the action of twisting or turning | a rotational movement | the process of fastening with a screw

screwy | screws | screwed | unscrew | screwer | screwee

From Old English 'scrēowan', meaning to twist or turn.


scribbler | scribblers | bescribble | bescribbled | bescribbles

From Old French 'escriville' or 'escrible', likely of imitative origin related to the sound of scratching.


to inscribe or compose text | the written form or content

scribe (writer)|scribble (write non-sensical stuff)|script (writing)|post script (after writing)|transcribe (write from a speech)|transcript (written report of a speech)

ascribe | scribes | scribed | scriber | ascribed | ascribes


Latin 'scribere' meaning 'to write, scratch, inscribe'


a practice match | a minor struggle | a skirmish

scrimmages | scrimmaged | scrimmager | scrimmagers

Middle English 'scrimmage', possibly related to 'skirmish'


to economize | to skimp | to use sparingly

scrimps | scrimpy | scrimped | scrimper | scrimply | scrimping

Middle English scrimpen, from Old Norse skrimpa 'to shrink, contract'


script, prescribe, transcribe, inscription

scrips | scrippage | landscrip | landscrips | scripophily


script, manuscript, inscription, describe, prescribe

scripts | scripty | scripted | VBScript | scripter | coscript


pertaining to a hog | resembling a swine

scrofula, scrofulous, Sus scrofa (hog species)


affected by scrofula | tubercular | ulcerated

Latin scrofula 'king's evil' (tuberculosis of the lymph nodes) + -ous


scrolls | scrolly | scrolled | scroller | unscroll | inscroll

Latin 'scrollum' (a roll of paper), from 'volvere' (to roll)


Proper noun from Charles Dickens' character Ebenezer Scrooge in 'A Christmas Carol' (1843), used as a generic term for a miser.


pertaining to | relating to | of the nature of

ascrotal | nonscrotal | subscrotal | penoscrotal | hemiscrotal | intrascrotal

Latin scrotum (testicle) + -al (suffix forming adjectives)


the external sac containing the testes in male mammals | a part of the male reproductive system | the structure that holds the testicles


to search | to forage | to gather with difficulty

scrounges | scrounger | scrounged | scroungers

From Middle Dutch 'scrūgen' or 'scrūgen', meaning 'to search' or 'to rummage', possibly related to Old French 'escrouer'.


to clean by rubbing | to chafe | to erase

scrubs | scrubby | bescrub | scrubber | scrubbed | scrubbing

Middle English scruben, from Old English scrufian 'to rub, scrape', of Germanic origin; related to Dutch schroeven 'to screw' and German schrubben 'to scrub'.


rough hair or fur | the back of the neck

scruffy | scruffs | scruffily | scruffbag | scruffbags | scruffiness


a dense formation of players | a close-knit group | a struggle

From French 'scrumpe' or 'escrumer', meaning to struggle or wrestle, likely of Germanic origin.


to cluster | to press together | a close formation

scrummager | scrummages | scrummaged | scrummagers

imitative of the sound of crowding or pushing


delicious | highly pleasing to the sense of taste

Middle English, from Anglo-French escumpeus, from escumpeier to savor, from escumpe to taste, from Vulgar Latin *excompendiare, from Latin ex- + compendium


Middle English scrumpen 'to be swollen', of unknown origin, perhaps related to scrump 'a lump'


a slight doubt or scrupulous feeling of conscience | a small unit of weight

scrupled | scrupler | scruplers | scrupleth | scruplest | unscrupled

Latin scrupulus 'a small sharp stone', diminutive of scrupus 'a pebble'


Latin scrupulus 'pebble, doubt', diminutive of scrupus 'sharp stone'


Latin scrutari 'to search out, examine closely', from scruta 'rubbish, refuse' (originally referring to sifting through trash)


able to be searched | able to be examined

Latin scrutari 'to search, examine closely', possibly from scruta 'rubbish, sweepings'


to examine thoroughly | to investigate meticulously

Latin scrutari 'to search out, examine closely', deponent verb from scrutor


Latin scrutari 'to search, examine', from scruta 'scrutiny, search'


self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

Acronym from 'Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus'


scuds | scudded | scuddle | scudder | scudding | scuddled

Russian 'skud' (missile), from Old East Slavic 'skuditi' (to shoot)


to damage the surface of | to wear away by friction | to make marks on

scuffs | scuffy | scuffer | scuffed | scuffing | scuffers

From Middle Dutch 'scuffen' or 'scoffen' meaning 'to scratch, scrape'


a brief fight or struggle | to engage in a physical struggle

scuffled | scuffles | scuffler | scufflers

from French escoufle, from escouffler 'to strike, beat'


sculler | sculled | sculling | scullers | scullcap | scullcaps

From Old English 'scull' meaning skull or head, related to Old Norse 'skalli'.


a room or area where scullery work is done | a servant who does the scullery work

scullery maid, scullery boy, scullery sink

From Middle English sculerie, from Old French escuerie, from escuier 'to wash dishes'


insculp | resculpt | sculp | sculpsit | sculpt | sculptile | sculptor | sculptress | sculptural | sculpture

insculp, resculpt, sculp, sculpsit, sculpt, sculptile, sculptor, sculptress, sculptural, sculpture


sculpts | sculptor | sculpted | Sculptor | resculpt | sculptors

Latin sculptus, past participle of sculpere 'to carve, engrave'


a greenish film of algae on water | a surface layer of organic matter in liquid | a type of aquatic plant

scums | scummy | descum | scumbag | scummer | offscum


to ruin | to defeat | to thwart | to sink

scupper, scuppered, scuppering, scuppers

scuppers | scuppered | scuppering | unscuppered

From the verb 'scupper', meaning to make a scupper (drainage hole) in a ship, thereby causing it to sink or become unusable; metaphorically extended to mean to ruin or defeat plans.


shameful | disgraceful | scandalous | abusive

scurrilously | unscurrilous | scurrilousness

From Latin 'scurrilis' meaning 'of a buffoon' or 'scurrilous', derived from 'scurra' (buffoon, jester).


A disease caused by vitamin C deficiency resulting in skin spots, gum issues, and bleeding | A condition marked by symptoms like spongy gums and skin hemorrhages | A historical illness linked to lack of citrus in diet

Derived from Latin 'scorbutus,' referring to a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency.


a protective barrier | a defensive cover


scutcheons | scutcheoned | scutcheonless | unscutcheoned

Old French escutcheon (from escu 'shield')


to move with quick short steps | to run quickly | to retreat

scuttles | scuttled | scuttler | scuttlers | unscuttled | scuttleful

imitative of the sound of quick movement


scyphoid | scyphistoma | scyphus | scyphate | Scyphozoa

scyphoid, scyphistoma, scyphus, scyphate


scythes | scyther | scythers | scytheman | scythelike | scytheless


separated | distant | alone | own being | the entity itself | removed from | divided | split apart

secede | seduce | sedition | seditious | felo de se | per se | seclude | secret | secretary | secrete | secure | sedulous | segregrate | select | separate | sever | several

Latin 'se' (apart, away, by oneself), an ablative form of the reflexive pronoun 'sui'


seas | asea | seaman | sealab | seabed | seaway

Proto-Germanic *saiwiz, from Proto-Indo-European *sey- 'to flow'


seal, sealed, sealing, seals, sealant, sealable

sealed | sealer | reseal | unseal | enseal | sealing

Latin sigillum 'seal, small image', diminutive of signum 'mark, sign'


seamy | seams | unseam | seamer | seamed | inseam


Latin -sean- (variant of -son-), from Latin 'sui' (of oneself) or related to 'persona'


session, seize, sedentary, sedate, sedition

Latin sessio, session- 'a sitting', from sedere 'to sit'


to burn the surface of | to cause scorching

sears | seared | ensear | searing | ensears | redsear

Old English sēorian 'to burn, scorch', of Germanic origin


search, researcher, searchable, unsearchable

asearch | searcht | searched | searcher | searches | searching

Old French 'cherchier' from Frankish '*sōkjan'


season | period of the year | time of year

seasons | seasonal | seasoned | reseason | seasoner | unseason

Latin 'sēdēre' (to sit) via 'sēstius' (a coin worth 2.5 asses, originally associated with a specific time/period) or more directly from 'sēdēs' (seat, place) implying a fixed point in time; ultimately from PIE 'sed-' (to sit). Note: The English word 'season' comes from Old French 'saisun', from Latin 'sēdēre' via the notion of a 'fixed time' or 'appointed time'.


unseat | seated | seater | reseat | seating | unseats

From Old English 'setan' (to put, place) and 'setl' (seat, place), derived from Proto-Germanic *satjaną.


sebaceous | sebum | sebacic | seborrhea | sebiferous


dissect | intersect | secant | section | segment | bisection | dissection | secede | sedition | seditious | seduce

Wiktionary | https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/ | Wikidata


secants | cosecant | bisecant | secantly | cosecants | arcsecant

Latin secans, present participle of secare 'to cut'


secluded | secludes | secludedly | unsecluded | secludedness

From Latin 'secludere', composed of 'se-' (apart) + 'claudere' (to shut, close).


following the first | next in order | two

seconds | secondly | seconded | seconder | secondes | secondee

From Latin 'secundus' meaning 'following, next', derived from the verb 'sequi' (to follow).


From Latin 'secundus' meaning 'following, next in order', derived from the verb 'sequi' (to follow).


state of being hidden | concealment | privacy

secret, secrete, secrete, secretarial, secretariat

Latin secretus 'separated, hidden', past participle of secernere 'to separate'


secrets | secretly | unsecret | secretive | nonsecret | secretist

From Latin secretus, past participle of secernere 'to separate, set apart'


office of administration | administrative body

Latin secretarius 'of or belonging to a secretary', from secretum 'that which is hidden, private matter'


one who keeps records | assistant | clerk

From Latin 'secretarius', from 'secretus' (past participle of 'secernere' meaning 'to separate, set apart'), referring to one entrusted with confidential matters.


sever | sever or split | divide into segments as indicated by the initial element | sever or partition

bisect, dissect, insect, section, sector, dissect

sects | sectism | sectist | subsect | sectish | sectists

Latin sectus, past participle of secare 'to cut'


dissect, intersect, secant, section, segment, bisection, dissection

sections | sectioned | sectional | upsection | subsection | midsection


trail behind | chase | occur as consequence

sequence, subsequent, consequence, secutor


secularism, secularize, secularization, secularist

seculars | secularly | unsecular | secularism | secularize | secularist

Latin saecularis 'of a generation, of the world', from saeculum 'age, generation, world'


secures | secured | securer | securely | insecure | unsecure

From Latin securus, meaning 'free from care' (se- 'without' + cura 'care').


consecutive, sequence, consequence, subsequent


to the side | separated | removed from | divided | separated into parts

secure | seduce | seclude | sedition | select | secede | seditious


sedated | sedates | sedately | unsedate | unsedated | sedateness

Latin sedatus, past participle of sedare 'to calm, quiet'


Latin sedentarius 'sitting', from sedens 'sitting', present participle of sedere 'to sit'


thorn, briar, bramble, hawthorn, blackthorn

From Old English 'þorn' meaning thorn, related to German 'Dorn' and Latin 'spina'.


sediments | sedimented | cosediment | resediment | sedimental | sedimentary

Latin sedimentum "a settling, deposit," from sedere "to sit"


incitement of resistance or insurrection against lawful authority

seditions | seditionary | seditionist | seditionists

Latin seditio (uprising, revolt), from sed- (apart) + itio (going)


inciting rebellion | tending to cause sedition

seditiously | unseditious | seditiousness

Latin seditiosus, from seditio 'sedition, revolt'


Latin sedulus 'diligent, zealous', possibly from sedere 'to sit' (implying staying at one's task)


to perceive with the eyes | to understand | to visit

see, sight, visible, vision, oversee, witness

sees | seed | seer | seedy | seest | seers

From Proto-Germanic *sehwaną, from PIE *sekʷ- 'to follow, see'


seedy | seeder | reseed | deseed | seedes | hagseed

From Old English 'sǣd' (seed, sowing), from Proto-Germanic '*saidam', ultimately from Proto-Indo-European '*sad-' (to sit, sow).


to search | to look for | to attempt to find

seeks | seeker | seeked | upseek | beseek | reseek

Old English sēcan 'to seek, search, pursue'


seems | seemed | beseem | seemly | seemer | seeming

Old English 'scīnan' (to shine) via 'scīnan' (to appear/shine)


seeps | seepy | seeped | seepage | seeping | seepeth

Middle English siepen, related to Old English sēopan


to bubble | to boil | to be in a state of agitation

seethes | seethed | seether | seethers | seetheth | forseethe


segmental | segmented | segmenter | bisegment | resegment | subsegment

Latin segmentum 'a section, piece cut off', from secare 'to cut'


seigneurs | seigneurial | seigneurialism

Old French seignor, from Latin senior 'older, elder' (comparative of senex 'old')


German definite article 'seine', feminine singular nominative/accusative of 'sein' (his/its), from Proto-Germanic *sīn-


seisms | megaseism | cryoseism | teleseism | bradyseism | megaseisms

σείειν (seíein) | σεισμός (seismós) | σεῖστρον (seîstron) | Greek seismos : earthquake seiein : to shake

Cognatarium | http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm | Wikidata


seismology | seismogram | seismograph | seismoscope | seismometer | seismologic

σεισμός  OED

σείειν (seíein) | σεισμός (seismós) | σεῖστρον (seîstron) | combining form < Greek σεισμός ... earthquake OED


seized | seizes | seizer | seizers | reseize | seizeth

Latin 'sistere' (to stand, place) or 'capere' (to take) via Old French 'saisir'


Middle English 'selden', from 'sodein' (sudden) + '-ly' (suffix)


selection, selective, selector, selectivity

selects | selector | deselect | selectin | unselect | reselect

Latin 'sēligere' 'to pick out', from 'se-' 'apart' + 'legere' 'to gather, choose'


paraselene | selaphobia | selenium | selenocentric | selenography | selenology | Selene | selenic | selenite | selenodesy

selenosis | selenology | selenodont | selenologist | selenography | selenologies

σελήνη (selḗnē) | Greek sēma : sign | symbol


pertaining to | through | intended for | referring back to the subject | the entity itself | independently

self-awareness | self-imposed | self-righteous | self-sufficient | self-explanatory | self-discipline | self-respect | selfish

selfy | myself | itself | meself | selfed | selfie

etymology given in OED as via 'self', pron., adj. and n. < Old English self OED

Wiktionary | MorphoQuantics | Wikipedia | Stein | Wikidata


Latin 'sēmen' (genitive 'sēminis') meaning 'seed'


semaphore, semantic, semiotics, semaphore, semicolon


semantics | asemantic | semantical | unsemantic | semanticist | semantician

Greek semantikos 'significant, meaningful'


semantogram | semantograms | semantophore | semantophores


Greek semaphoros (sema- 'sign' + pherein 'to bear')


sembles | sembled | resemble | resembled | resembles | resembler

From Latin 'similis' meaning 'like, similar', derived from the PIE root *sem- (one, as one, together with).


A viscous, milky fluid produced in male reproductive organs containing sperm cells | Semen-like substance | Fluid analyzed in a semenogram


semesters | semesterly | midsemester | postsemester

Latin semestris 'lasting six months', from sex 'six' + mensis 'month'


semion | semipro | semions | semidry | semiraw | semired

Number quantity half | Quantity | Amount

From Latin semi- 'half', from semis 'half'

Cognatarium | Wikipedia | Wiktionary | http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm | MorphoQuantics


a reproductive unit in plants | the act of inserting a seed into soil | to scatter seeds for growth

Latin semen (genitive seminis) meaning 'seed'


semiosphere | semiography | semiospheres | semiopoiesis | semiochemicals | semionarrative


Greek semasiotikos 'pertaining to signs'


Greek semeiōtikos 'pertaining to signs', from semein 'to make known'


hemisphere, hemicycle, hemiplegia, hemimetabolous

From Greek hemi- meaning 'half', derived from hēmi- (half).


sempergreen | semperannual | semperlenity

Latin adverb 'semper' meaning 'always, ever'


From 'seamstress', a variant spelling of 'seamstress' (one who makes seams), derived from 'seam' + '-stress' (agent suffix). Note: 'sempstress' is an archaic or dialectal variant.


senior | senator | senile | senescence | evanescent | senate | senectitude | senescent | senopia

Latin 'sen-' (stem of 'senex') meaning 'old'

Cognatarium | http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm | https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/ | Wikidata


to experience emotions alongside another | to share sensations with someone


From Latin 'senatus', derived from 'senex' meaning 'old man' or 'elder'.


sends | sender | sendee | sended | upsend | insend

Old English sendan 'to cause to go, dispatch'


seniles | senilely | nonsenile | presenile

From Latin 'senilis' meaning 'of old age', derived from 'senex' (old man).


seniors | seniorly | nonsenior | seniorize | senioritis | nonseniors

From Latin 'senior', comparative of 'senex' meaning 'old'


From Latin 'senior', comparative of 'senex' meaning 'old'.


Spanish honorific 'señor' + diminutive suffix '-ita'


sensory, sensitive, sensation, sensible, consensus

sensed | Sensex | sensels | unsense | sensest | senseth

Latin sensus 'perception, feeling', past participle of sentire 'to feel'


a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate

sentenced | sentences | sentencer | resentence | sentencers | sentenceth

From Latin 'sententia' meaning 'opinion, thought', derived from 'sentire' (to feel, perceive).


sentient, sentiment, sensation, sensitive


sentinels | biosentinel | sentinelship | biosentinels

Latin 'sentinella' (watch, guard), of uncertain origin, possibly from Vulgar Latin *sentire (to perceive) or Germanic *sindilōn (sign, signal)


From Latin 'sentina' (bilge, scum) or 'sentire' (to perceive, feel), referring to one who keeps watch or guards.


sepals | sepaled | sepalous | sepaloid | sepaline | asepalous

Latin sepalum, from Greek sepalon 'covering, husk'


Greek -ous (from -ousa, fem. of -ous, pres. part. suffix of verbs)


separate, separation, separator, inseparable, desegregation

From Latin 'separatus', past participle of 'separare' meaning 'to divide, set apart', derived from 'se-' (apart) + 'parare' (to make, prepare).


transept | septate | septicidal | septifragal | septum

septs | septology | septillion | septillions | septinsular | septangular

Latin septum 'enclosure, partition', past participle of separe 'to separate'


septennial | septenary | septilateral | septillion | septimal


septated | unseptated | septapeptide | septapeptides | multiseptated | hyperseptated

Latin septum 'partition, enclosure', past participle of secare 'to cut'


september, septuagenarian, septet, septennial, septemvir

Septembery | Septemberer | Septemberly | Septemberish


aseptic | septics | nonseptic | septicity | antiseptic | asepticize


Latin septuaginta 'seventy' + -gen- 'born, produced'


Latin sepulcrum 'tomb, grave', from sepelire 'to bury'


sepulchres | sepulchred | ensepulchre | ensepulchred | ensepulchres | unsepulchred


Latin sepulcrum 'tomb', from sepelire 'to bury'


sequence, consequence, subsequent, sequel


sequels | nonsequel | nonsequels | sequelitis


following in order | successive | consecutive

sequencer | sequences | sequenced | asequence | sequencers | resequence


Latin sequens, present participle of sequi 'to follow'


to isolate | to set apart | to hide away

sequesters | sequestered | sequesterer | sequestering | geosequester | sequesterers

Latin se- 'apart' + quaerere 'to seek, ask'


Latin sequestratus, past participle of sequestrare 'to deposit with a third party, withdraw', from se- 'apart' + quaestor 'magistrate' (originally 'one who handles funds')


sequins | sequined | sequinned | besequined | unsequined


assert | assertion | assertive | curviserial | desert | desertion | desertrix | dissert | dissertation | dissertator | exert | exertion | insert | insertion | multiseriate | reassert | reassertion | rectiserial | semidesert | serial | seriate | seriatim | series | sermon | uniseriate | serialize

Latin ser- 'to join, connect' (variant of serere)


a cutting instrument | a tool with teeth for slicing

From Latin 'serra' meaning 'saw', the tool with a toothed blade for cutting.


Hebrew שְׂרָפִים (śərāp̄îm), plural of שָׂרָף (śārāf), meaning 'burning one' or 'fiery serpent', derived from the root שׂרף (ś-r-p) 'to burn'


Hebrew שְׂרָפִים (śərāp̄îm), plural of שָׂרָף (śārāf), meaning 'burning one' or 'fiery serpent'


seres | lithosere | hydrosere | psammosere | lithoseres | hydroseres


serenade, serene, serenity unrelated: serendipity


song | musical performance | performance of love songs

serenades | serenaded | serenader | serenaders | unserenaded

Italian 'serenata' from 'sereno' 'clear, serene'


serenes | serened | serenely | unserene | sereneness | unserenely

Latin 'serenus' meaning 'clear, calm, tranquil'


a tenant farmer | a person bound to the land

enserf | serfdom | serfish | nonserf | serfage | serflike


serger | serges | serged | sergers | unserged

Latin sericus 'silk, of China', from Greek serikos


non-commissioned officer | military rank

sergeant-at-arms, staff sergeant, master sergeant, sergeant major

sergeants | sergeantry | sergeantship | sergeantships

Latin sergens (present participle of serere 'to join, connect') via Old French sergent


a smooth, fine fabric | material derived from silkworms

sericea_lespedeza | sericeous | sericin | sericultural | sericulture | sericulturist | serigraph | serine Variant Spellings: serge | serge

Latin sericus 'of silk, silk', from Greek seirikós 'silken', from Seira 'Seres' (the people of the Far East known for silk production)


preseries | subseries | nonseries | bioseries | miniseries | metaseries

From Latin 'series' meaning 'a row, chain, or succession'


serifs | serifed | serifless | unserifed

Latin 'serifus' or 'seriphus', possibly from Greek 'seira' (thread) or 'seriphos' (a type of marble), referring to the decorative strokes at the ends of letters.


serious and comic | humorous seriousness

seriocomic novel, seriocomic tone, seriocomic drama

Compound of 'serious' and 'comic', coined in the 19th century to describe a tone that blends both elements.


seriously | unserious | nonserious | seriousness | jocoserious | semiserious

From Latin 'serius' meaning 'late, serious, grave', derived from the PIE root *ser- 'to be serious, important'.


sermoners | sermonets | sermonized | sermonizes | sermonizer | sermoneers

Latin sermon- 'discourse, speech', from serere 'to join, connect'


serologic | serological | serologist | serology | serosa | serotonin | serous | seronegative | seropurulent | serotype

seroma | serology | serotype | serofast | serobank | serotest

From Latin 'sanguis' (genitive 'sanguinis') meaning 'blood'.


serous, serosa, serositis, serous membrane

Latin 'serosus' meaning 'serous, watery', from 'serum' (whey, serum)


move on hands and knees | move stealthily | reptile | to move stealthily | snake

serpent | reserpine | serpentine | serpigo


snake | serpentine | slithering creature

serpents | serpentry | serpentize | serpentist | serpentwood | serpentlike

Latin serpens (genitive serpentis) 'creeping thing', present participle of serpere 'to creep, glide'


cutting implement | jagged-edged | zigzag

biserrate | serrate | serration | serrature | serriform | serrulate | sierra | sierran | serranid | serrated | serrulate Variant Spellings: sierra


serrated | serrates | biserrate | unserrated | uniserrate | subserrate

Latin serra 'saw' + -ate (verb-forming suffix)


pressed | crowded | packed | close together

Latin 'serrius' (thick, crowded), from 'serere' (to join, connect)


connect | fasten | place | order | connect | fasten

assert | desert | dissertation | exert | insert | serial | serialize | series | assertive | desert (to abandon) | desert (wasteland) | desertion | exsert | insert unrelated: serv2 / deserts. (things deserved) | serv2 / dessert.

Latin 'serere' meaning 'to join, connect, or arrange'


serums | serumal | nonserum | antiserum | serumless | autoserum

From Latin 'sērum' meaning 'whey' or 'serum', referring to the clear part of blood or milk.


to perform duties | to assist | to be useful | to present food

service, servant, server, serviceable, deserv

server | served | serves | servee | servent | servers

Latin servīre 'to be a slave, serve, work for'


From Latin servus 'slave, servant' or servare 'to keep, save'


servosystem | servosystems | servocontrol | servocontrols | servocontroller | servocontrollers


preserve, conserve, reservoir, observation


1.5 | one and a half times as much | one plus half | half more than one | one-and-a-half

sesquicentennial | sesquicentenary | sesquialteral | sesquipedal | sesquiplicate | sesquitertian | sesquipedalian

sesquisalt | sesquitone | sesquipedal | sesquioxide | sesquiplane | sesquisalts

From Latin sesqui- 'one and a half', from semis 'half' + -qui (variant of unus 'one')

Wikipedia | Wiktionary | http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm | MorphoQuantics | Cognatarium | https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/ | Stein | Wikidata


establish | compose | remain seated | occupy a seated position


session, secession, procession, depression

sessions | sessional | midsession | sessionals | subsession | minisession

Latin prefix dis- (variant of de- 'down, away') + -sion (from -tio, -tionis 'action, process')


seta | setose | equisetum | setaceous | setiform

sets | inset | reset | upset | onset | unset


Old English settan, from Proto-Germanic *satjanan


settler | settled | settles | settlers | unsettle | resettle


sevens | seventy | unseven | Sevener | sevenish | seventies


firm | unyielding | serious | solemn | to divide

asseverate | asseveration | perseverance | perseverant | perseverate | perseveration | perseverative | persevere | severe | severity | sever | several | severance

severs | severed | severest | severing | severeth | severable


to join together with stitches | to create by stitching

sews | sewed | sewer | resew | unsew | besew


sewers | sewerage | sewering | sewerman | sewerlike | sewerless

Old French 'sewer' (one who sews) or via 'sewer' (drain) from 'sue' (to flow)


related to six | indicating six | a form of sexa- (six)

sexy | sext | sexes | desex | sexed | unsex


bissextile | bissextus | semisextile | sestet | sestina | Sext | sextain | sextan | sextans | sextant | sextary | sextic | sextile | sextillion | siesta | sixte


Latin sex "six" + -etum (collective suffix)


Latin sex "six" + -ette (feminine suffix)


sextons | sextonry | sextoness | sextonship | sextonships

From Old French 'sexeon', from Latin 'sacrista' (sacristan), from 'sacrum' (sacred)


Latin sextus 'sixth' (superlative of sex 'six')


Italian sforzando, from sforzare 'to force'


From Middle English shabby, shabbe, of unknown origin, perhaps from shabbe 'shabby, ragged' or related to shab 'shabby'.


shacks | shacky | shackle | shacked | shackly | shacking

Shortened form of 'shanty' or 'shack', possibly from Middle English 'shakke' (rag, tattered garment) or Scandinavian origin, referring to a crude shelter.


Middle English 'shackle', related to 'shakel' (a ring or fetter)


shades | shader | shaded | shaden | shaders | beshade


darkness | absence of light | silhouette

shadows | shadowy | shadowed | shadower | beshadow | unshadow


long slender part | handle | vertical column

shafts | shafted | camshaft | shafting | airshaft | shaftway

Old English sceaft 'pole, spear, handle'


a coarse, untidy texture of hair or fabric | a type of thick, uneven pile in carpets

shags | shaggy | shagger | shagged | shaggers | shagging


to move back and forth | to tremble | to cause to move violently

shaken | shaker | Shaker | shakes | ashake | shaked


shales | shaley | shaled | unshale | unshales | shalelike

From Middle English shalle, from Old English scalu (feminine of scæl) meaning 'flat, thin, or split', related to Old Norse skál.


shallows | shallowly | shallowed | unshallow | shallowing | shallowish


peace | completeness | well-being | wholeness


spiritual leader | healer | practitioner of magic

nonshamans | shamanisms | shamanists | shamanizes | shamanized | neoshamans


to walk with short, shuffling steps | to move in an unsteady or awkward manner

shambles | shambled | shambler | shamblers | omnishambles

imitative of the sound of heavy, unsteady steps


shames | shamer | shamee | ashamed | shameth | beshame


shampooers | reshampoos | unshampooed | shampooings


Irish 'seamróg' (diminutive of 'seamair' 'clover')


shanks | shanked | shanker | redshank | shanking | dogshank


shaped | shaper | shapes | shapen | shapely | reshape

From Old English 'sciepe' meaning 'form, figure, kind', of Germanic origin.


Old English sceard 'gap, cleft, or fragment'


shared | shares | sharer | sharers | unshare | sharest

Old English 'scearu' (division, part, distinction)


sharks | sharky | sharked | sharker | sharking | sharkfin

From Old English 'scorc' or 'scorcian', related to Old Norse 'skor' meaning 'to cut' or 'to mark', referring to the cutting teeth of the animal.


sharp-angled, sharp-cornered, sharp-eared, sharp-eyed, sharp-limbed, sharp-set, sharp-sighted, sharp-tasting, sharp-worded

sharps | sharpen | sharply | sharper | unsharp | besharp


shattered, shattering, shatterproof, shatterzone

shatters | shattery | shattered | shatterer | shattering | shatterbox

Middle English schateren, related to Old English sceaterian


to cut hair | to trim | to remove surface layer

shaver | shaven | shaved | shaves | shavee | shavers


shaws | Shawism | Bradshaw | fernshaw | fernshaws


a piece of fabric worn over the shoulders | a garment

shawls | shawled | shawlless | shawllike | beshawled | shawlette


From Shawnee (the people/language), an Algonquian tribe name; likely from the Shawnee word 'shiwanaki' meaning 'southerners' or related to the Lenape 'shawanoke'


From Arabic شَيْء (shay') meaning 'thing' or 'something', often used in phrases like shay'un (something) or shay'uk (your matter/business).


female | feminine | third-person singular feminine

shes | shero | shemale | Shebrew | sheboon | sheroic

Old English 'sēo' (feminine singular nominative)


sheafy | cosheaf | capsheaf | subsheaf | sheaflike | sheafless


shears | sheared | shearer | toshear | beshear | shearers


to put in a case | to cover | to enclose

sheathed | sheathes | unsheathe | ensheathe | resheathe | sheatheth

Middle English shethe, from Old English scēath 'case, sheath'


sheds | unshed | cowshed | shedder | shedrow | hayshed

Old English sceadan 'to divide, separate'


sheeny | sheens | sheenly | sheenful | sheenest | sheenless

Middle English sheen (brightness, luster)


sheeps | sheepy | sheepo | sheeple | sheepdog | sheepman

Proto-Germanic *skēpǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃kʷeh₁p- 'to shear'


sheers | sheered | sheerly | sheering | sheerness | semisheer

Old English scēer 'a cliff, a steep slope'


flat surface | thin layer | piece of paper

sheets | sheety | sheeted | sheeter | bedsheet | sheeting

Old English scēat 'piece, part, fragment'


Arabic shaykh (شيخ) 'elder, leader', from root sh-y-kh 'to grow old'


Arabic shaykh 'elder, old man', from root sh-y-kh 'to grow old'


flat surface | ledge | ledge-like structure

shelfy | shelfie | shelfful | shelfies | bookshelf | shelfware


testament, testate, contest, contestation

shelly | sheller | shellac | shelled | unshell | deshell

From Latin 'testa' meaning 'hard outer shell, tile, or potsherd', related to 'testis' (witness, originally a pot used for measuring).


shelters | sheltery | sheltered | shelterer | enshelter | shelterin

Old English 'scyldweard' (shield-ward) or 'scyld' (shield)


to place on a shelf | a flat surface for storage

shelved | reshelve | unshelve | deshelve | reshelved | reshelves


Scottish 'shenanigan' (17th c.), possibly from Irish 'seanadh' (treachery) or Spanish 'señal' (signal/sign)


Old English scēap (sheep) + herd (group/herd)


one who tends sheep | guardian of livestock

Old English scēpherc, from scēap 'sheep' + hērde 'herd/herder'


From Old English scirwudu, meaning 'shining forest' or 'bright wood'.


shews | shewed | shewer | sheweth | shewing | shewers

Old English scēawian 'to look at, examine'


shields | shielded | enshield | shielder | beshield | eyeshield

From Old English 'scield', meaning a piece of armor carried to ward off blows, of Germanic origin.


shifty | shifts | unshift | shifted | shifter | upshift

Old English sciftan "to divide, arrange, or change"


to shine with a flickering light | to gleam

shimmerings | shimmeriness | shimmeringly


shins | shinny | shinned | shinbone | shinning | shinless

Japanese 心 (shin) meaning 'heart', 'mind', or 'spirit'


a thin piece of wood or tile | overlapping | single

shingles | shingled | shingler | shinglers | reshingle | reshingles

Middle English 'shingle', related to 'single'


Japanese 神道 (shintō), from kami 'god' + dō 'way, path'


status | attribute tied to the initial component | role | trait | position

dictatorship | membership | viewership | assistantship | friendship | authorship | hardship | internship

ships | aship | reship | unship | shiply | inship

Old English -sciepe, -skiepe  (rare), -scipe, -scype ... meaning 'creation, creature, constitution, condition' OED


From Old English 'scip', from Proto-Germanic '*skipam', from Proto-Indo-European '*skem- 'to cut, split'.


shires | shired | Yorkshire | Hampshire | Loamshire | shiremote


shirks | shirky | shirker | shirked | shirkers | shirking

Middle English 'shirken' (to avoid, evade)


shirt, shirtless, shirtless, shirttail, shirtfront

shirty | shirts | shirted | redshirt | shirting | shirtily


shiverers | shiverings | unshivered | shiveringly | shiveriness | nonshivering

Middle English shiveren, related to Old English sciferian


a large group of fish | shallow water | a large number

shoals | shoaly | shoaled | shoaler | shoaling | shoalers

Middle English 'scole', from Old English 'scol' (school of fish), from Proto-Germanic '*skulahaz', from Proto-Indo-European '*skel- (to cut, divide)


sudden surprise | physical impact | trauma

shocky | shocked | shocker | upshock | shockers | nonshock

Middle English 'schok', related to 'shake'


dry-shod, ironshod, roughshod, slipshod, unshod

unshod | dryshod | misshod | slipshod | roughshod | slipshodly


shoed | shoer | unshoe | oxshoe | shoers | shoeth


From Japanese shōgun (将軍), from Chinese jiàngjūn, meaning 'general' or 'commander-in-chief'.


shoots | shooty | shooter | reshoot | shooted | upshoot

From Old English 'scōt', meaning 'to protrude'


land along the edge of a body of water | coast

ashore | shores | shored | shorer | onshore | noshore


short, shorten, shortness, shorts, shortcut

shorts | shorty | shorth | Shorty | shortly | shorten


a projectile fired from a gun or other weapon | a photograph | an attempt or effort

shotgun, photographer, shotput, shot glass, shot clock

shots | upshot | unshot | gunshot | shotgun | earshot

Weaponry, Photography, Action, Core concept

From Old English 'scot' meaning 'a shot, projectile, or payment', related to 'scootan' (to shoot).


part of the body | upper limb connection

shoulders | shouldered | shoulderer | unshoulder | shouldering | shoulderbag


Old English sceolde (past tense of sceolde/sculan)


shouts | shouty | shouted | shouter | beshout | shouting


shovel | shoves | shoved | shover | shovels | shovers


From Old English 'scufol' (a spade or shovel), derived from the verb 'scufan' meaning 'to push, shove, or thrust'.


to display | to make visible | to exhibit

showy | shows | showed | shower | reshow | showie

Old English 'scēawian' 'to look at, examine'


a fall of water droplets from the sky | to wash oneself with water

showers | showery | showered | showerer | showering | sunshower


fragment of explosive shell | piece of debris

Named after Henry Shrapnel, inventor of the shrapnel shell; originally a proper noun used attributively before becoming a common noun.


to tear | to cut into pieces | a small strip

Middle English shreden, from Old English scrēodan 'to cut, tear' (related to Old English scieran 'to cut')


Proper Noun, Geographical Location, City Name

Named after Major General Edmund P. Gaines and Colonel Henry Shreve; 'Shreveport' literally means 'Shreve's port'


a small, mouselike, nocturnal mammal | a member of the family Soricidae | a creature resembling a mouse

shrews | beshrew | shrewly | shrewish | beshrews | beshrewed


Knowledgeable and intelligent | keen and perceptive | sharp-minded

shrewdly | shrewdish | shrewdity | shrewdness | shrewdnesses

Derived from Old English 'scearu' meaning sharp or keen.


a sharp, high-pitched cry of pain, fear, or excitement

shrieks | shrieky | shrieked | shrieker | shrieking | shriekers


shrifts | earshrift | shriftfather | shriftfathers

Old English scryft, from scrifan 'to write, prescribe' (related to Latin scribere)


shrikes | antshrike | antshrikes | shrikelike | helmetshrike | peppershrike

Middle English 'shrike', possibly related to 'shriek'


sharp, high-pitched sound | loud and piercing noise | intense, high-frequency sound

shrilly | shrills | shrilled | unshrill | shrilling | outshrill

from Old English 'scryllan' meaning to screech


shrimps | shrimpy | shrimped | shrimper | shrimping | shrimpers


Shriner | shrined | enshrine | enshrined | enshrines | enshrinee

Latin 'sanctuarium' (sanctuary), from 'sanctus' (holy)


shrinks | shrinky | shrinker | shrinked | reshrink | unshrink

Middle English 'schrinken', from Old English 'scrincan'


to confess | to absolve | to declare forgiveness

shrives | shriver | shrived | shrivers | shriveth | shrivest

Confession, Absolution, Religious ritual

Old English scrifan 'to confess, to seek absolution'


shrouds | shroudy | shrouded | enshroud | beshroud | unshroud


Old English scrifan 'to confess, to declare'


shrubs | shrubby | subshrub | shrubbed | shrublet | shrubland


to raise shoulders | to express indifference | to express uncertainty

shrugs | shruggy | shrugged | shrugger | shruggie | shrugging

From Old French 'esroue' or 'esrouer', meaning 'to uncover' or 'to bare', derived from the Vulgar Latin 'exrumpere' (to break out), referring to the uncovering of the shoulders.


shrunken | unshrunk | forshrunk | unshrunken


to remove the outer covering or shell of | to strip | to peel

shucks | shucked | shucker | shucking | shuckers | shuckery

Middle English 'schukken' (to shake, to move)


shuffled | shuffler | shuffles | reshuffle | shufflers | deshuffle

Middle English shuffle, related to shuffle (to move feet)


to avoid | to reject | to keep away from

shuns | shunned | shunner | shunning | shunpike | shunners

Old French 'eschoir' or 'eschaunir' related to 'to happen/fall'


to push aside | to divert | to move away

shunts | shunted | shunter | shunting | shunters | headshunt


shuts | unshut | beshut | shuttle | shutoff | unshuts

From Old English 'scutian' meaning 'to shut, close, or cover', of Germanic origin.


to move back and forth | a device for weaving | a vehicle for transport

shuttlecock, space shuttle, weaving shuttle

Middle English 'shuttle', related to 'shove'


shyly | unshy | gunshy | shying | shyish | nonshy


sialagogue, sialodochoplasty, sialoid, sialolith, sialorrhea


disialyl | monosialyl | sialylation | sialylations | desialylation | desialylations

From Greek sialon 'saliva' + -yl (chemical suffix)


sibset | sibred | sibling | sibship | sibsets | stepsib

From Old English 'sibb' meaning kinship, peace, or relation, derived from Proto-Germanic '*sibjaz'.


sharp hissing sound | to emit a hissing sound

sibilance | assibilate | sibilant | sibilate

Latin sibilus 'hissing' (from sibilare 'to hiss')


Old English sibbe "kin, relation" + -ling "suffix denoting person"


inherent quality of something | fundamental essence

Latin -sicus, suffix forming adjectives from nouns, ultimately from Greek -ikos


From Latin 'Sicilia', named after the ancient Sicels tribe or the Greek word 'sikelos' (sickle, referring to the island's shape).


having an urge to vomit | in a state of being unwell | characterized by illness

sicko | sicks | sicky | sickie | sicken | sickly


sickles | sickled | sickler | sicklers | unsickle | sicklepod


cumsicle | dogsicle | catsicle | totsicle | kidsicle | pigsicle

Latin -iculus, -icula, diminutive suffix derived from -icus + -ulus/-icula


amoral, atypical, asexual, amorphous, atonic

Negation, Academic discipline, Greek origin

Greek privative prefix a- (adapted as an- before vowels) + -ics (from Greek -ikos, relating to)


establish | tranquil | remain seated | ongoing presence

assiduous | insidious | obsession | preside | president | reside | resident | sedentary | sediment | sedimentary | sedulity | sedulous | session | subside | supersede | sedate | sedative | dissident | residence | residential | residual | residue | subsidiary | subsidize | subsidy | assiduity

Latin sed-, past participle stem of sedere 'to sit'


aside | sided | sider | sidey | inside | beside


celestial body | luminous point in the sky

Latin 'sidus, sider-' meaning 'star, constellation'


siderous | siderosis | siderocyte | siderostat | siderophile | siderophore


Middle English sidelen, from Old English sīdelian 'to move sideways', from sīde 'broad, wide' (related to Old Norse síðr 'later, further') + -lian (verb suffix)


bitsy | footsie (1930) | halfsies | onesies | popsy (1860) | teensy-weensy | tootsie (1854) | twosies | Betsy | Patsy | Robsy

bitsy, footsie (1930), halfsies, onesies, popsy (1860), teensy-weensy, tootsie (1854), twosies, Betsy, Patsy, Robsy

sied | sies | footsie | noonsie | whoopsie | footsies

babytalk assimilative or from patrici- of Patsy

Likely from French -sie (feminine suffix) or a variant of -sy/-sie used in English diminutives, possibly influenced by names like Betsy or Patsy.


to surround with troops | to blockade | military blockade

sieged | sieges | besiege | besieged | besieger | besieges

Old French 'sege' (seat, place), from Latin 'sedes' (seat, sitting)


Siegfried, Siegfried's sword, Siegfried's dream

From the name Siegfried, derived from Old High German 'Sihfrid', composed of 'sih' (battle, fight) and 'fridu' (peace, protection). The semantic association with 'victory' arises from the cultural archetype of the hero who achieves triumph through battle.


brownish-orange | earthy | reddish-brown

Italian sienna (referring to the pigment from the city of Siena)


From Old French 'sieur', from Latin 'senior' (comparative of 'senex' meaning old/man)


sieved | sieves | siever | unsieved | sieveful | sieveyer


to separate | to strain | to search through

sifts | sifter | sifted | resift | sifters | sifting

Old English siften 'to separate, to sift'


to exhale audibly | expression of grief | expression of relief

sighs | sighed | sigher | besigh | sighing | sighers


From Latin 'sight' (variant of 'sight' or related to 'visus' via Old French 'sight'), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weid- 'to see'. Note: In English morphology, 'sight' is primarily a free root, not a productive affix. The field 'affix_form: -sight-' in the prompt is linguistically anomalous for standard English, but assuming the record treats it as a bound morpheme in a specific constructed context or is a typo for a different morpheme, I must evaluate based on the provided 'sight'. However, 'sight' is a free morpheme. If forced to treat it as an affix-like element in a database context, it's highly irregular. Given the instruction to fill missing fields for 'sight' with high confidence, I will provide the etymological data for the root 'sight'.


sigmate | antisigma | sigmatism | sigmatisms


Greek σιγμοειδής (sigmoeidḗs), crescent-shaped, lunate sigma-shaped


indicator | symbol | unique identifier | imprint | trait | distinguishing feature

design | designate | insignia | insignificant | resignation | signal | signature | significant | signify | assign | assignation | consign | countersign | ensign | resign | sign | signatory | signet | sign (make one's mark or signature) | design (down-mark | put marks down on paper) | resign (take back one's mark or signature) | re-sign (again make one's mark) | signature (one's personal mark)

signed | signer | cosign | signee | unsign | signage

Latin signum 'mark, token, signal', from pingere 'to paint, to make fast'

Cognatarium | http://leonsplanet.com/index.html | Wikidata


Latin 'signum' meaning 'mark, token, sign'


Latin signetum, diminutive of signum 'mark, token'


From Persian 'sikh' (سِخ) meaning 'lesson' or 'teaching', derived from the verb 'sikhhtan' (to learn).


silencer | silenced | silences | silencers | unsilence | resilence

Latin silentium 'quietness, stillness', from silens (present participle of silēre 'to be quiet'), of unknown origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *sel- 'to be still'.


silents | silently | unsilent | nonsilent | silentish | silentness

Latin silent- (present participle stem of silēre 'to be quiet')


fine thread | soft texture | produced by silkworms

silky | silks | silken | desilk | silkily | silkman

Old English sioloc, from Latin sericum, from Greek serikon


fine sand or clay particles carried by water | deposit of fine sand or clay

silty | silts | silted | desilt | silting | unsilty

Middle English silte, related to fine particles of earth


silvery | silvers | silvern | desilver | silvered | disilver

Old English seolfor, from Proto-Germanic *silubram, from Proto-Indo-European *sel- 'to shine'


assimilate | dissimilate | dissimilar | dissemble | ensemble | resemble | semblance | similar | similarity | simile | similitude | simulacrum | simular | simulate | simulation | simulator | simultaneous | verisimilar | verisimilitude

simulare ~to emulate~ | from similis ~alike~ | simulare "to emulate" | from similis "alike"


similar, facsimile, simulation, assimilate


to cook|to bubble|to maintain a low heat

simmers | simmered | simmerer | simmering | simmereth | simmerers

Middle English simmeren, related to simmer (to bubble)


to smile in a silly, affected, or self-conscious manner

simpers | simpered | simperer | simpering | simperers | simperings

From Middle Dutch 'sinnen' (to please, delight), related to Old English 'sīðian' (to go, journey) and German 'sinnen' (to think, intend).


simples | simpled | unsimple | simpleton | nonsimple | simpleness

From Latin simplex (genitive simplicis) meaning 'single, simple', derived from simul- 'together' + plex 'fold'.


cosimplex | simplexity | nonsimplex | subsimplex | hypersimplex

Latin simplex (gen. simplicis) 'single, simple', from simplus 'single, pure'


homonym, homophone, homograph, homology, homologous


simulacrum, simulate, simulcast, simultaneous

Latin simul 'at the same time, together'


From Latin simulacrum 'image, likeness', derived from similis 'like, similar'


sins | unsin | sinny | sinner | sinful | arcsin

Latin sinu- 'bend, curve' (stem of sinus)


σίναπι (sínapi), (sināpízein), (sināpismós)


sincerely | unsincere | sincereness | oversincere


sinecure | sine_die | sinecural | sine qua non

sines | cosine | arcsine | cosines | arcsines | arccosine

http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm | Cognatarium | Wikidata


a job or position that involves little or no work and often provides great pay or benefits

from Latin 'sine cura' meaning 'without care'


tendon | ligament | strength | toughness

sinewy | sinews | unsinew | sinewed | unsinews | sinewish


sings | singer | besing | resing | unsing | singing


Singaporean, Singaporeans, Singaporean dollar

From Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit Simha (lion) + pura (city)


singles | singlet | singled | singlets | singlely | singleton

Latin 'singulus' meaning 'one by one, single'


Latin 'sīngulus' meaning 'one by one, single'


sinisterly | sinisterism | ambisinister | sinisterwise | sinisterness

Latin sinister 'on the left side, unlucky'


leftward | located | moving left | left-hand side

sinistromanual | sinistroventral | sinistroversion


sinks | sinky | sinker | sinked | sinking | sinkers

Old English sinc 'treasure' or Middle English sinc 'to descend'


the country of China | associated with China

Examples: Sinornithosaurus | ("Chinese bird-lizard") | Sinosauropteryx ("Chinese lizard wing") | Sinoceratops ("Chinese horned face") | Sino-Chinese | Sinologue | Sino- | Sino-Japanese | Sinologist | Sinophile | Sino-Tibetan

sinofy | sinology | sinogram | Sinopoda | sinofied | Sinophone

Medical and Scientific | Nationality Assignment

combining form of Greek Σίναι | Latin Sinæ... the Chinese OED | Latin sīpho (genitive sīphōnis) : siphon Greek siphōn : tube | siphon

Wikipedia | Wiktionary | MorphoQuantics | Cognatarium


From Latin sinuosus, from sinus 'bend, curve'


act | result | state | process | State or condition of

fusion | cession | erosion | evasion | elision | fusions

From Latin -sio, -sionem, noun suffix forming abstract nouns from past participles of verbs, derived from the stem of the verb + -io


sippy | siped | sipped | sipper | sipple | siping

Middle English sip, from Old English sypan


hollow conduit | duct | fluid transfer mechanism

siphon, siphonage, siphonophore, siphuncle


σίφων (síphōn)


man of refinement | man of high social standing

sir | sire Variant Spellings: surly | surly

sirs | sirji | yessir | sirjis | grimsir | grimsirs


mythical creature | alluring | seductive

sirens | sirenin | sirenic | sirenize | sirenlike | Sirenidae


analysis, synthesis, crisis, thesis, hypothesis

sissy | sissies | stepsis | sissify | sissyish | sismance

Greek -sis (suffixal formation from verbs)


urination | urine | the process of excreting urine


induce standing | remain upright | state | immobility | existence

assist | consist | desist | exist | insist | persist | resist | solstice | subsist | acrostatic | antistatic | apostate | ecstatic | homeostasis | homeostatic | institution | station | stationary | statistic | statue | status | statute | substate | substation | photostat | pyrostat | rheostat | thermostat | electrostatic | eustatic | geostatic | gyrostatic | haemostatic | hemostatic | hydrostatic | consistent | consistency | consistory | existentialism | transistor

sistere | statuere | Greek sitos : food | grain


sisters | sisterly | unsister | sisterji | godsister | mersister


assist, resist, persist, consist, desist, insist

Latin sistere 'to stand, cause to stand', frequentative of stare 'to stand'


ectoparasite | endoparasite | endoparasitoid | epiparasite | hyperparasitism | kleptoparasitism | mesoparasite | parasite | parasitic | parasitism | parasitoid | sitology | sitophobia

ectoparasite, endoparasite, endoparasitoid, epiparasite, hyperparasitism, kleptoparasitism, mesoparasite, parasite, parasitic, parasitism, parasitoid, sitology

sitophobia | sitophilia | sitocalciferol

σῖτος | σίτου (sîtos | sítou) | Greek σῖτος (sîtos)


in situ | situate | situation | situs Variant Spellings: site | site

Latin situs 'position, place', past participle of sinere 'to leave, let lie'


situated | situates | unsituated | situatedness

Latin 'situs' (position, place) + '-ate' (verb-forming suffix)


causing, making, having the nature of, tendency, disposition, function, connection

Latin -sīvus, from sīre 'to go' (past participle stem sīt-)


sixty | sixes | sixmo | sixer | sixmos | sixish


sized | sizes | sizer | resize | sizers | upsize

From Old English 'sīze' (measure, extent), derived from the verb 'sīan' (to measure, to cut), related to Latin 'metiri' (to measure).


skater | skaters | outskate | skateway | skaterly | fanskate

From Old English 'scēatan' meaning 'to glide, slide, or move swiftly', likely of Germanic origin.


a length of thread or yarn wound in a loop | a group of similar things


isosceles, triscele, triskelion unrelated: skeleton


exoskeleton | cytoskeleton | endoskeleton | exoskeletons | cytoskeletons | endoskeletons


skeptics | skeptical | skepticism | nonskeptic | skepticize | skepticist


rough drawing | outline | preliminary version

sketchy | sketches | sketched | sketcher | resketch | sketchily

Italian 'schizzo' from 'schizzare' 'to splash'


to slant | to deviate from a straight line | to tilt

askew | skews | skewer | deskew | skewly | unskew

Old Norse 'skeið' or 'skekkja' related to 'to bend'


skier | skied | biski | jetski | skiers | offski

From Old Norse 'skíð' (split wood/log), from Proto-Germanic '*skīdą' (split piece of wood), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European '*skēd-' (to cut, split).


skiddy | skidded | nonskid | skidder | skidpad | skidpan

Middle English skidden, related to skide


Originated in the UK in the late 1950s, possibly from a mishearing of 'skiffle' (a type of folk music) or derived from the word 'skiff' + '-le'


skills | skilly | skillo | reskill | upskill | deskill

Old French 'scoir' or 'scire', from Latin 'scire' meaning 'to know'


From Old English 'sittelan' or 'setlan', derived from the verb 'sit', referring to a vessel used for sitting or heating food over a fire.


to remove the surface layer | to touch lightly | to read quickly

skims | skimmy | reskim | skimmer | skimmed | reskims

Middle English skymen, related to skim (to move lightly)


to use sparingly | to be stingy | inadequate

skimpy | skimps | skimped | skimper | skimpily | skimping

From Old Norse 'skimpta' meaning 'to diminish' or 'to be stingy', related to 'skammr' (short).


skins | skinny | reskin | oxskin | enskin | deskin

From Old English 'scinn' meaning hide or skin, of Germanic origin.


Scottish 'skint' (past participle of 'skite' or 'skite' meaning to spend money recklessly), derived from the verb 'skite' (to spend)


one who skips | to jump over | to bypass

skippers | skippered | skipperly | skippering

From Middle English 'skippen', related to 'skip'


to emit a high-pitched, piercing sound | to wail | to scream

Scots skirl, from Old Norse skyrla 'to make a shrill sound'


skirmisher | skirmished | skirmishes | skirmishers | skirmishing | skirmishings


skirts | skirty | upskirt | skirted | beskirt | outskirt


to move quickly with light steps | to scurry

skitters | skittery | skittered | skittering | skitterish | skitterings

imitative of the sound of light, rapid movement


Origin uncertain, possibly from dialectal 'skive' meaning to cut or shave, or related to 'skiver' (one who shirks)


skulks | skulked | skulker | skulking | skulkers | skulkings

Middle English skulkan, related to skulk


the bony structure of the head | cranium

skullcap, skullcracker, skullface, skullhead, skulllike

skulls | skully | skullcap | numskull | skullcup | sapskull

From Old English 'scull' or 'scul', related to Old Norse 'skull' and Dutch 'schotel', referring to the head or skull.


skunky | skunked | skunking | skunkish | skunklike | skunkweed

From Middle English 'sconk' (to strike), likely from Old Norse 'sunka' (to strike, hit), referring to the animal's defensive spray or the act of striking.


skyed | skyey | ensky | skyly | skyway | skylab

From Old English 'sgēu' or 'sgēow', meaning 'sky, heaven, firmament', of Germanic origin.


a thick, flat piece | a large, flat fragment

slabs | slabby | slabbed | slabber | Slabber | slabbing

Middle English slab, likely related to Old Norse slabr


loose | not tight | inactive | negligent

slacks | slacker | slacken | slackly | slacked | slackers

From Old English slæc 'lazy, sluggish', of Germanic origin; related to Dutch slak and German schlack.


slags | slaggy | slagged | slagger | slagging | slaggers

From Old English 'slæh' meaning 'slag, cinder, or dross', related to the verb 'slēan' (to strike/beat), referring to the residue left after smelting or burning.


slaked | slakes | aslake | aslaked | aslakes | slaketh

Old English slacian "to become slack, limp"


slaloms | slalomed | slalomer | slaloming | slalomist | slalomers

Norwegian 'slalom' (from 'slå' to strike/beat and 'lom' a groove/track)


to strike with force | to shut forcefully

slams | slammer | slammed | slambang | slammers | slambook

From Old English 'slæman' meaning 'to strike, beat, or crush', likely of imitative origin.


to make false and damaging statements about someone | defamation

slanders | slanderer | slandered | slanderous | slandering | slanderers


To work in wet conditions | To be inclined at an angle | To be affected by moisture

aslant | slants | slanty | slanted | reslant | upslant


slaps | slappy | beslap | slapper | slapped | slappee

Middle English slap, imitative of the sound of a strike


fine-grained sedimentary rock | metamorphic rock

slater | slated | slates | slaten | slaters | reslate

Old French 'eslate', from Vulgar Latin *scandula


Middle English 'slattern' (a slovenly woman), likely from 'slat' (dirt/grime)


To place a device under the control of another | To be in bondage | To be subjugated

slavey | slaves | slaver | slaved | slavery | enslave


From Latin Slavonia, derived from the ethnonym Slavi


Slavonic, Old Slavonic, Slavonic language

From Proto-Slavic *Slověninъ, derived from *slovo 'word' (implying 'people who speak intelligibly')


slavery, enslavement, enslaver, enslavable

Latin 'sclavus' originally referring to Slavic peoples who were often enslaved, later generalizing to mean 'slave'.


slays | slayer | slayed | slayee | slaying | slayers

from Old English 'slēan' meaning 'to strike, beat, kill'


sleazes | sleazed | sleazebag | sleazewad | sleazeball | sleazebags

Origin uncertain, possibly from 'sleek' or dialectal 'sleaze' meaning to slide or slip, emerging in American English slang in the mid-20th century.


From Old Norse 'sleði' meaning 'sledge, sled', of Germanic origin.


sledges | sledged | sledger | sledgers | sledgelike | sledgeless

Middle English 'sledge' (a heavy hammer)


sleeks | sleeky | sleeked | sleeker | sleekly | unsleek


state of rest | unconsciousness | inactivity

asleep | sleepy | sleeps | sleeper | cosleep | besleep

From Old English 'slǣpan', from Proto-Germanic '*slēpaną', from Proto-Indo-European '*slep-'.


frozen precipitation | mixture of rain and snow

sleets | sleety | sleeted | sleetiness | sleetproof


sleeves | sleeved | besleeve | unsleeved | sleevelet | sleeveless


sleighs | sleighed | sleigher | sleighing | sleighers | sleighful


deceit | trickery | skillful manipulation

sleights | sleighty | sleightly | sleightful


slenderly | unslender | slenderize | slenderness | slenderizes | slenderized


to rest | to be in a state of unconsciousness

From Proto-Germanic *slepą (to sleep), from Proto-Indo-European *slepb- (to slip, slide, be slippery).


sleuths | sleuthy | sleuthed | sleuthing | sleuthwork | sleuthings

Middle English sleuth, related to 'slough' (track/trace)


Old English slēaw 'a number, multitude, crowd'


PIE *sleip- "to slip, slide, or lie flat"


sliced | slicer | slicers | sliceth | unsliced | subslice

From Old English 'slīcan' meaning 'to smooth, rub, or cut', related to 'slīh' (smooth).


slicks | slickly | slicker | slicked | unslick | slicken


slider | slides | slidey | slided | aslide | sliders

Middle English sliden, from Old English slīdan


slims | slimly | slimsy | unslim | slimness | slimline


to hurl | to throw with a swinging motion | a device for throwing projectiles

slings | slinger | unsling | slinged | slinging | slingers

Old English sling 'a strap or cord for throwing stones'


slinky | slinks | slinked | slinker | slinking | slinkily

Middle English slinken, of unknown origin, possibly related to Old Norse slinka 'to slide'


to slide | to lose footing | to move smoothly

slips | slippy | atslip | slipes | slipper | slipped


a long narrow cut | to make a long narrow cut

slits | slites | slited | slitty | unslit | sliting

Middle English slitten, from Old English slitan


slobs | slobby | slobdom | slobbery | slobbish | slobbily


saliva | drool | excess liquid from mouth

slobbers | slobbery | slobbered | beslobber | slobberer | slobbering

Middle English slobber (to drip or flow)


slogs | slogger | slogged | footslog | sloggers | slogging

Latin 'slogare' (rare/obscure) or potentially a variant of 'sugere' or 'stare', but more likely a truncation or variant of 'slog' as a verb root meaning to hit or strike, possibly from Old English 'slagan'. However, given the affix_form '-slog-', it is highly likely a truncation of 'slog' as a bound root in compounds like 'slog' (not standard) or potentially a misspelling of 'slog' as in 'slog' (to work hard). Let's look at common roots. 'Slog' is not a standard Latin root. It is likely an English verb root. But the prompt asks for 'ancestor_etymon_language'. If it's English, it's 'Old English'. Let's assume it's a root meaning 'to strike' or 'to push'. Actually, 'slog' is often associated with 'slog' (to hit). Let's look for a better fit. Is it 'slog' as in 'slog' (to work)? No. Is it 'slog' as in 'slog' (to strike)? Yes. Etymon: Old English 'slagan'.


slogans | sloganed | sloganeer | sloganize | sloganeers | sloganless

Greek slogan 'slogan' (battle cry), from Old Gaelic 'sluagh-ghairm' (army-cry)


From Dutch 'sloep', likely from Middle Dutch 'sloep' or Old French 'esloppier' (to slip away), referring to the boat's maneuverability.


slops | sloppy | slopped | sloppily | slopping | slopwork

From Old English 'slōp' meaning mud or mire, of imitative origin.


slots | deslot | slotted | slotter | deslots | timeslot


to sit or stand with a drooping posture | to move in a lazy or lethargic manner

slouchy | sloucher | slouched | slouches | slouching | slouchers

From Old English slūcan 'to slip, slide, creep', related to Dutch sluizen and German schleichen.


sloughs | sloughy | sloughed | sloughing | sloughings | sloughable


slovens | slovenly | slovenry | slovenlike | slovenness | slovenliness


Derived from the endonym 'Slověninъ' (Slavic person), from Proto-Slavic *slovo (word), referring to people who speak intelligibly.


not fast | moving at low speed | delayed

slows | slown | slowly | slower | slowed | slowth


slugs | aslug | sluggy | slugger | slugged | outslug

Middle English sluge, from Old English slūh


sluggards | sluggardy | sluggardly | sluggardize | sluggardized | sluggardness

Agent, Personality trait, Negation of activity

Middle English 'sluggard', from 'slug' (lazy person) + 'dragger'


sluices | sluiced | unsluice | sluiceway | unsluices | sluiceways

Middle French 'sluice' (a water channel)


dilapidated area | impoverished district | squalor

slums | slummy | slummed | slumdog | slummer | slumdom

Middle English, from Anglo-French eslum, eslumpe, from Old French eslumbir to fall into ruin, from Vulgar Latin *exlumbire, from Latin ex- + lumbus loins


Middle English 'slumeren', related to 'slumber'


to fall | to decline | to sink | to decline in value

slumps | slumpy | slumped | slumping | slumpage | minislump

From Middle Dutch 'slomp' or 'slompen' meaning 'to fall heavily' or 'to slump', possibly related to Old English 'slumbrian' (to slumber) or German 'schlumpfen'.


slungshot | overslung | underslung | slungshots


to speak indistinctly | to insult | to smear

slurs | upslur | slurred | upslurs | slurring | downslur

Middle English 'sluren', from Old French 'eslurer' (to smear, besmirch), from Vulgar Latin '*exlurare', from Latin 'lura' (slime, slime)


slushy | slushes | slushie | slushed | slushbox | slushily

Middle English slushe, of Scandinavian origin; related to Old Norse sluskinn 'slushy'


slyly | unsly | slyish | slyness | slyboots

From Old English 'slic' meaning 'cunning, deceitful', of Germanic origin.


To have a distinct flavor | To possess a specific taste

smacks | smacky | smacker | smacked | smackee | smackers

From Old Norse smaka, meaning 'to taste'


smalls | smally | besmall | smallie | smallen | smallpox

Old English 'smæl' meaning small, narrow, or slender


From Old English 'smæl' meaning narrow or small, combined with 'wudu' meaning wood.


σμάραγδος (smáragdos) | σμαράγδινος (smarágdinos) | σμάραγδος(smáragdos) | σμαράγδινος(smarágdinos)


smarts | smarty | smartly | smarted | smarten | unsmart

Old English smort "sharp, keen, pungent"


to crush | to break with force | to strike heavily


smatters | smatterer | smattered | smattering | smatterers | smatterings


smears | smeary | asmear | besmear | smeared | smearer

Middle English smeren 'to smear, smudge'


smelly | smells | smelled | smeller | besmell | smelling


smelts | smelter | smelted | resmelt | unsmelt | smelting

From Old English 'smeltan' meaning 'to melt, dissolve', related to 'smolder'.


smiled | smiles | smiler | smilet | Smiler | besmile


besmirch | smirched | smirches | smirching | besmirches | besmirched

Middle English smerchen 'to soil, defile'


smites | smiter | smited | smiters | smitest | smiteth


one who works with metal | worker | maker

smiths | Smithy | adsmith | tinsmith | keysmith | jawsmith

Old English smīð (blacksmith, metalworker)


a loose outer garment | to cover with a smock

smocks | smocked | smocking | besmocked | smocklike | smockless

From Old English smoc, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch smok and German Schmock.


smoke, smoky, smokescreen, smokestack, smokeless

smoker | smoked | smokes | smoken | smokers | smokery

From Old English 'smōc', of Germanic origin; related to Dutch 'smaak' and German 'Schmack'.


to burn slowly with smoke but no flame | to smolder

smolders | smoldered | smolderer | smoldering | smolderers | smolderings


smooths | smoothy | smoothie | smoothly | smoothed | smoothen


Past tense of 'smite', from Proto-Germanic *smithan


smothers | smothery | smothered | smotherer | unsmother | smothering


to burn slowly with smoke but no flame | to emit smoke | to smolder


smudges | smudged | smudger | smudgers | resmudge | besmudge

From Middle Dutch smugen or smogen, meaning 'to smear' or 'to spread', likely related to Old English smēorian.


smugs | smugly | unsmug | smugness | smuggery | smugnesses


smuggler | smuggled | smuggles | smugglers | smugglesome | antismuggler

From Middle Dutch smokkelen 'to smuggle', possibly from smok 'a smuggler' or related to smoken 'to smoke' (referring to hiding goods in smoke-filled holds).


soot | a black, powdery substance formed by the incomplete burning of carbon-based materials | a type of residue from combustion

smuts | smutty | besmut | smutted | smutfic | besmuts


snacks | snacky | snacked | snacker | snacking | snackery

From Middle Dutch 'snacken' meaning 'to chatter' or 'to eat greedily', likely related to the sound of eating.


to catch | to restrain | a device for controlling

snaffles | snaffled | snaffler | snafflers | foresnaffle

Middle English snaffle, related to snarl or snap


snags | snaggy | unsnag | snagged | snagger | unsnags

Middle English snaggen, perhaps of Scandinavian origin


gastropod mollusk | slow-moving creature

snaily | snailed | snailery | snailish | snailase | seasnail


snakes | snaked | snakely | snakefly | snakebit | snakelet

Old English snaca, from Proto-Germanic *snaihwaną, from PIE *sneigʷ- 'to slide'


sudden sharp sound | break with a sharp noise | quick movement

snaps | snappy | unsnap | snaped | snapin | snapped

From Old English 'snæppan' meaning 'to break suddenly', of imitative origin.


snares | snared | snarer | ensnare | insnare | snarers

Middle English 'snare', possibly related to 'snare' (to catch) or related to 'snare' (a loop)


to bare teeth and growl in anger or aggression

From Old English 'snearlian' meaning 'to snarl, growl'.


a short segment of sound, typically from music or speech | a brief excerpt of audio content | a fragment of a conversation or melody

snatchy | snatches | snatched | snatcher | upsnatch | snatching


to move stealthily | to act in a secret manner

sneaky | sneaker | sneaked | sneakers | sneakily | sneaking

Middle English sneken, related to sneak (to move stealthily)


to smile or laugh contemptuously | facial expression of derision

sneers | sneery | sneered | sneerer | sneering | sneerers

From Old French 'sner' or 'sner', possibly of Germanic origin, meaning to sneer or snort contemptuously.


to expel air from the lungs through the nose and mouth via a sudden convulsive contraction of the diaphragm

sneezes | sneezed | sneezer | sneezers | unsneezed | sneezeweed

From Old English 'snēosan' meaning 'to smell, sniff', derived from Proto-Germanic '*snēusaną'.


a small, sharp, or sudden sound | a slight cut or nick

snicks | snicker | snicked | snicking | snickers | snickery

From Old English 'snic' meaning 'a cut, notch, or nick', related to 'snician' (to cut).


to inhale through the nose | to detect by scent

sniffy | sniffs | sniffle | sniffed | sniffer | sniffly

imitative of the sound of breathing through the nose


a stifled or broken laugh | a suppressed laugh that is not fully expressed

sniggers | sniggery | sniggered | sniggerer | sniggering | sniggerers


snips | snippy | snippet | snipper | snipped | snipping

From Old English 'snīpan' meaning 'to cut, clip, or trim', of imitative origin.


informant | betrayer | to reveal secrets

snitchy | snitches | snitched | snitching

Middle English, from Old French esnicher 'to catch in a snare', from esnec 'snare'


From Middle Dutch snivelen 'to snivel', of imitative origin, possibly related to Old English snifan 'to sniff'.


a person who aspires to upper-class status and looks down on those with lower social standing | someone who exhibits pretentiousness and disdain for others' tastes | an individual who values social hierarchy and superiority over others

snobs | snobby | snobbery | snobbish | snobbism | snobbily


snogs | snogged | snogger | snoggle | snogging | snogfest

Origin uncertain, possibly from Romani 'snag' (to bite) or dialectal 'snog' (to bite), first recorded in the 1920s.


a game played on a rectangular table with pockets, using a cue and colored balls

From the verb 'snooker' meaning to put someone in a difficult position, derived from the slang term for a novice or 'greenhorn' in the British Indian Army, which may itself be derived from the Hindi word 'sukar' (a type of bird) or the Tamil word 'sukku' (a young boy).


to pry | to investigate | to observe secretly

snoopy | snoops | snooper | snooped | snooping | snoopers

Origin unknown, possibly from Scottish 'snupe' (to poke) or dialectal 'snoop' (to look around); first recorded in the 19th century.


snooty | snoots | snooter | snootily | snootful | snooters

From Middle English 'snout', from Old English 'snūt' (nose, snout).


snoozer | snoozed | snoozes | snoozers | snoozefest | snoozetime

From Old English 'snūsian' meaning 'to sleep, slumber', of Germanic origin.


snorer | snores | snored | snorers | snoreth | snorest

From Old English 'snorran' meaning 'to snore', of imitative origin.


breathing tube | underwater breathing apparatus

snorkels | snorkeler | snorkeled | snorkeller | snorkeling | snorkelers

From Dutch 'snorkelen' (to snore), referring to the sound of breathing through the tube.


Mucus, particularly from the nose | Nasal secretion | Sticky fluid produced in the nasal passages

snots | snotty | snotrag | snotwad | snotbag | snotbox

Derived from Old English 'snot', meaning mucus.


nose | projecting part of the face | elongated muzzle

snouts | snouty | snoutish | snoutful | snoutlike | snoutless


snowman, snowball, snowflake, snowplow, snowdrift

snowy | snows | snowed | besnow | snower | desnow


to ignore | to disdain | to treat with contempt

snubs | snubbed | snubber | snubbee | snubfin | snubbing

From Middle Dutch 'snobben' or 'snoven', meaning to push or shove, later evolving to mean to treat with disdain.


snuffs | snuffy | snuffle | snuffer | snuffly | snuffed

Middle Dutch snuffen "to sniff, to breathe sharply"


snugs | snugly | snuggle | snuggly | snugged | snugger

Middle English snug, possibly related to snug (tight, close)


From Middle English 'snugelen' or 'snogelen', likely of imitative origin related to the sound or sensation of being snug.


so-called, so-so, so-and-so, so-far, so-long

also | howso | soever | sobeit | whereso | insomuch

From Old English 'swā' meaning 'in this way, to such a degree', related to Old Saxon 'sō' and Old High German 'sō'.


soaks | asoak | soaky | soaked | soaker | resoak

Old English socian "to seek, reach, attain"


soapy | soaps | soaped | soaper | soapen | soapbox

From Old English 'sāpe', likely of Celtic origin, referring to the substance used for washing.


to fly high | to rise upward | to ascend

soars | soared | upsoar | soarer | soaring | upsoars


insulting term for someone stupid, irritating, or ridiculous | initialism of 'son of a bitch' | term of address used to mock others

sobs | sobby | sobbed | sobber | sobful | sobbing


serious, not intoxicated | temperate, restrained

sobers | soberly | sobered | insober | ensober | unsober

Latin sobrius 'temperate, moderate', possibly from sob- 'whole' + -erius comparative suffix


state of being | seriousness | temperance

Latin sobrietas, from sobrius 'sober, temperate'


collective | unite | community | interpersonal | pertaining to social studies | partner | accomplice | link | supporter

associate | association | associative | consociate | consociation | consociational | disassociate | disassociation | dissociable | dissocial | dissociate | dissociation | dissociative | interassociation | nonassociative | sociability | sociable | social | sociality | societal | society | antisocial | phytosociology | socialism | sociology | sociopath


socks | socked | socking | bedsock | sockful | socklet


sockets | unsocket | socketed | resocket | resockets | unsockets

Latin 'soccus' (a type of slipper) or 'sucus' (juice, sap), likely from Proto-Indo-European *sek- 'to cut' (referring to the hollowed-out nature of the object or the cavity itself)


sodas | sodaic | sodalike | sodaless | pyrosoda | Sodagate

Shortened form of 'soda water', from 'soda' (sodium carbonate) + 'water'


sodium, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide

From Latin natrium, derived from the Arabic natrūn, referring to natron.


a city in the Middle East destroyed by God for its inhabitants' sins | a proper noun referring to a biblical location

sodomite | Sodomite | sodomites | sodomitry | sodomitical | sodomitically

from the Hebrew Bible, referring to the city destroyed by God


From Turkish 'sofa' meaning 'bench' or 'seat along the wall', borrowed into European languages in the 17th century.


softy | softs | soften | softly | softie | unsoft


French 'soignée', past participle of 'soigner' 'to take care of'


soils | soily | soiled | assoil | besoil | soiler

From Old English 'sēolh' or 'sēoh', meaning 'earth, ground, soil', of Germanic origin.


desolate | desolation | desolatory | saudade | sole | soliloquy | solitaire | solitary | solitude | solitudinarian | solitudinous | solivagous | solo | sullen | solipsism | solo unrelated: insul / isolate.

sols | soles | tosol | aerosol | cytosol | gleysol


bottom, base, foundation, sole of the foot

lowest part | supporting structure | base | foot's underside

entresol | sole (of the foot) | sole (fish) | soleplate | solifluction | solum Variant Spellings: soil (earth) | soil (earth)


circumsolar | extrasolar | insolate | insolation | solar | solarium | soliform | soliscence | solstice | subsolar | parasol | girasol | Sol | solar (of the sun) | solarium (sun room | room that lets in a lot of sunlight)

Cognatarium | http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm | http://leonsplanet.com/index.html


solaces | solaced | solacer | solacers | solacest | solaceth

Latin solāci- 'consolation', from solāri 'to soothe, comfort'


solars | subsolar | presolar | solarize | nonsolar | solarism


exchanged for value | given in return for money

Old English sēoldan 'to pay, yield, or deliver'


solders | solderer | soldered | unsolder | desolder | resolder

From Old French 'solder' or 'soudure', derived from Latin 'sodare' meaning 'to make firm' or 'to fasten'.


soldiers | soldiery | soldiered | soldierly | soldiering | soldieress

Latin 'soldus' (pay) + '-ier' (agent suffix)


insolence, insolent, obsolescence, obsolescent, obsolete

soler | soled | solely | insole | solers | insoles


solemnly | unsolemn | solemnity | solemnify | solemnness | solemnities

Latin sollemnis 'established by law, ordained by the senate', possibly from sollemne 'solemn offering' or related to sol 'sun' + lem- 'light'


solenocyte, solenodon, solenogaster, solenoid, Solenopsis

σωλήν (sōlḗn)


Greek solenos 'channel, tube' from solenos 'pipe'


solicits | solicitor | solicited | solicitee | solicitous | soliciting

Latin sollicitus 'agitated, anxious', from sol- 'completely' + citus 'set in motion', past participle of cire 'to set in motion'


unyielding | unyielding to force | steady | unbroken

consolidate, solid, solidarity, solidify, solidus

solids | solidly | unsolid | solidity | nonsolid | biosolid

Latin solidus meaning 'solid, firm, whole'


solos | soloed | soloist | soloism | soloing | midsolo


improper speech | erroneous articulation

Greek soloikos 'speaking incorrectly' from sola 'alone'


Latin solstitium, from sol- 'sun' + sistere 'to stand'


absolute, absolve, dissolute, dissolve, resolute, resolve, soluble, solute, solution, solve, solvent, dissoluble, fat-soluble, indissoluble, insoluble, non-water-soluble, oil-soluble, unsoluble, water-insoluble, water-soluble

solubles | nonsoluble | liposoluble | solubleness | acetosoluble


absolute | absolve | dissolute | dissolve | resolute | resolve | soluble | solute | solution | solve | solvent | dissoluble | fat-soluble | indissoluble | insoluble | non-water-soluble | oil-soluble | unsoluble | water-insoluble | water-soluble | absolution | dissolution | resolution | solution Variant Spellings: soluble


absolute | absolve | dissolute | dissolve | resolute | resolve | soluble | solute | solution | solve | solvent | dissoluble | fat-soluble | indissoluble | insoluble | non-water-soluble | oil-soluble | unsoluble | water-insoluble | water-soluble | insolvent

from Latin solv- 'loosened, dissolved', past participle stem of solvere 'to loosen, release, dissolve'


allosome | asomatous | autosome | centrosome | chromosome | decasomy | disomic | disomy | episome | gonosome | heptasomy | heterochromosome | heterodisomic | heterodisomy | hexasomy | isodisomic | isodisomy | macrosomia | metasomatic | metasomatism | microsome | microsomia | monosome | monosomic | monosomy | pentasomic | pentasomy | plasmosome | polysomic | polysomy | pyrosome | somatic | somatomancy | somatoparaphrenia | somatopleure | somatosensory | somatotype | somite | tetrasomic | tetrasomy | trisomic | trisomy

somas | somal | prosoma | metasoma | mesosoma | idiosoma

σῶμα | σώματος (sôma | sṓmatos)


Derived from the endonym 'Soomaali', likely from 'soo' (come) and 'maali' (milk), referring to the pastoralist tradition.


physical form | relating to the body | the human physique

allosome | asomatous | autosome | centrosome | chromosome | decasomy | disomic | disomy | episome | gonosome | heptasomy | heterochromosome | heterodisomic | heterodisomy | hexasomy | isodisomic | isodisomy | macrosomia | metasomatic | metasomatism | microsome | microsomia | monosome | monosomic | monosomy | pentasomic | pentasomy | plasmosome | polysomic | polysomy | pyrosome | somatic | somatomancy | somatoparaphrenia | somatopleure | somatosensory | somatotype | somite | tetrasomic | tetrasomy | trisomic | trisomy | somatophyte

somatogamy | somatotopy | somatoform | somatotype | somatocyst | somatogram

σωματο-  OED

σῶμα | σώματος (sôma | sṓmatos) | Greek σῶμα (sôma) | < Greek σωματο- | combining form of σῶμα | σώματ- body OED


Latin 'sombrous' (Old French) or directly from Latin 'sub-' + 'umbra' (shadow)


Latin 'sombrous' (variant of 'sombre') from Latin 'sub-' (under) + 'umbra' (shadow)


tending to perform what is charaterised by the fir

verb | noun | cardinal numeral | 4.97735304365138e-05

inclined to display traits of the initial element | a set representing the quantity of the first element | resembling | suitable | inclined towards

foresome, fearsome, wondersome, lovesome, woesome

ugsome | eesome | fusome | oosome | someone | irksome

Old English -sum, from Proto-Germanic *-sami- 'same, one', from PIE *sem- 'one, same'


From the verb 'somersault', derived from French 'sauter' (to jump) with prefix 'sur-' (over).


insomnia | somnambulist | somnifacient | somniferous | somnific | somniloquy | somnolent | parasomnia | somnambulate | somnolent Variant Spellings: Sominex™ | Sominex™


somnology | somnolytic | somnopathy | somnogenic | somnolytics | somnologist


dissonance | unison | sonorous | absonant | ambisonic | assonance | assonant | assonate | consonance | consonant | consonous | dissonant | inconsonance | inconsonant | infrasonic | infrasound | magnisonant | resonance | resonant | resonate | resound | sonance | sonant | sonata | sondage | sonnet | sonorant | sonority | soun | sound | subsonic | supersonic | triconsonantal | ultrasonic | ultrasound

sons | sonny | sonly | godson | Gibson | Nelson


From Latin 'sonata', past participle of 'sonare' meaning 'to sound'


to gauge the depth of the sea | to assess the ocean's depth

ionosonde | radiosonde | sonde Variant Spellings: sound (to measure depth) | sound (to measure depth)

French sonde 'a probe, a sounding instrument'


musical composition | vocal melody | rhythmic sound

songy | songs | songer | songfic | midsong | songful


sonnets | sonneter | sonneted | sonneters | sonnetist | sonnetize


absonant | ambisonic | assonance | assonant | assonate | consonance | consonant | consonous | dissonance | dissonant | inconsonance | inconsonant | infrasonic | infrasound | magnisonant | resonance | resonant | resonate | resound | sonance | sonant | sonata | sondage | sonnet | sonorant | sonority | soun | sound | subsonic | supersonic | triconsonantal | ultrasonic | ultrasound | unison

absonant, ambisonic, assonance, assonant, assonate, consonance, consonant, consonous, dissonance, dissonant, inconsonance, inconsonant, infrasonic, infrasound, magnisonant, resonance, resonant, resonate, resound, sonance, sonant, sonata, sondage, sonnet, sonorant, sonority, soun, sound, subsonic, supersonic, triconsonantal, ultrasonic, ultrasound, unison

sonosol | sonobuoy | sonometer | sonobuoys | sonograph | sonolysis


From Old Japanese sonohito (that person), derived from the demonstrative stem so- plus the noun hito (person)


From Latin sonorus 'sound-making', derived from sonus 'sound'


sonorously | unsonorous | insonorous | nonsonorous | sonorousness | sonorousnesses

From Latin 'sonorus', derived from 'sonus' meaning 'sound'


soonly | soonish | eftsoons | oversoon | soonness


sooty | soots | sooted | besoot | sooten | sootily


soother | soothly | insooth | forsooth | soothest | soothful


insightful | depth of understanding | learned awareness | structured philosophy


Greek name Sophokles (Σοφοκλῆς) from sophos 'wise' + kleos 'glory'


wise | wisdom | knowledge | structured framework of ideas | the study or science related to the preceding element | the study of the preceding concept

philosophy, anthropology, psychology, epistemology, theosophy

pansophy | ecosophy | geosophy | theosophy | misosophy | ontosophy

σοφός (sophós) | σοφία (sophía) | σόφισμα (sóphisma) | σοφισμός (sophismós) | < ancient Greek -σοϕία  ... < σοϕός  wise ... + -ία -ia suffix1 OED


From Latin 'soporificus', derived from 'sopor' (deep sleep) + '-ficus' (making, causing).


to draw in | to take up | to internalize

absorb | absorbency | absorbent | absorption | absorptive | absorptivity | adsorb | adsorbent | adsorption | exsorption | insorption | malabsorption | resorb | resorption | resorptive | sorbent | sorbile | sorbition | sorption | sorb | sorbic acid | sorbitol | sorbose

sorbs | sorbic | sorbed | sorbin | Sorbian | sorbate


French sorbet, from Italian sorbetto, ultimately from Arabic sharba


Latin sors, sorc- 'lot, fate' (via past participle sortus)


sordidly | unsordid | sordidity | sordidness | unsordidly | sordidnesses

Latin sordidus 'dirty, squalid', from sordes 'filth, dirt'


painful | painful to the touch | painful to the mind | painful to the feelings | painful to the body | painful to the senses | painful to the spirit | painful to the soul | painful to the heart | painful to the mind and body | painful to the mind and spirit | painful to the mind and soul | painful to the mind and heart | painful to the mind and senses | painful to the mind and spirit and soul | painful to the mind and spirit and heart | painful to the mind and spirit and senses | painful to the mind and spirit and soul and heart | painful to the mind and spirit and soul and senses | painful to the mind and spirit and soul and heart and senses

sores | sored | sorely | eyesore | bedsore | earsore

From Old English sār, from Proto-Germanic *sōrą, from Proto-Indo-European *suh₂rós ('pain, sorrow').


sisterhood | sisterly | related to sisters

Latin soror 'sister' + -tās (abstract noun suffix)


Latin soror 'sister' + -itas (abstract noun suffix)


From Old French 'sorrel' or 'sor', meaning yellowish-brown or sour, derived from Latin 'sordidus' (dirty, dingy) or 'souris' (mouse-colored).


sorrows | sorrowy | sorrowed | sorrowly | besorrow | sorrower


quantity | category | depart | destiny | luck | portion | distribution

consort | assort | sort | assortment | resort | sortie | consortium | sortilege Variant Spellings: sorcery | sorcery

sorts | resort | sorted | sorter | sortal | besort


Latin 'sortiri' meaning 'to draw lots, obtain by lot', from 'sors' (lot, fate)


From Old English 'sawol', meaning soul, spirit, or mind.


From French 'soufflé', past participle of 'souffler' meaning 'to blow', derived from Latin 'subflāre' (to blow under).


searched for | attempted to find | pursued

Old English sōhte, past tense of sēcan 'to seek'


souls | souled | souler | ensoul | besoul | desoul

Old English sǣl (spirit, life, vitality)


having a sharp, acid taste | disagreeable to the taste

sours | sourly | soured | besour | unsour | soursop


sources | sourced | sourcer | insource | sourcers | outsource

Latin 'surgere' (to rise) via past participle stem 'sort-' or 'surg-'; related to 'oriri' (to arise)


Causative, Adjective-forming, Past Participle

From Latin -sōsus, past participle suffix of verbs in -sōre, derived from the verb suffix -ere (causative/frequentative)


south-central, south-polar, southbound, southmost, southward, southwesterly

souths | souther | southly | southie | southpaw | southing

Old English sūð, from Proto-Germanic *sud- (cf. Old Frisian suth, Old Saxon suth, Old High German sūt, Gothic sunþu), from Proto-Indo-European *su- 'below, under'


southfield, northfield, eastfield, westfield

Compound of 'south' (from Old English sūð) and 'field' (from Old English feld)


memento | keepsake | token of remembrance


sovereigns | cosovereign | sovereignly | sovereignist | nonsovereign | cosovereigns

From Old French 'soverain', derived from Late Latin 'superanus' meaning 'chief' or 'supreme', from Latin 'super' meaning 'above'.


related to the Soviet Union | associated with the former USSR | connected to the socialist state of the 20th century


to put (seed) in the ground for growth | to plant

sows | sower | sowed | resow | besow | soweth

From Old English sǣwan, from Proto-Germanic *saiwanan, from Proto-Indo-European *seyh₁w- 'to sow'.


soybean | soyfood | soymilk | soysage | soyhull | soybeans


spas | spalike | spagoer | medispa | spagoers

σπᾶν (spân), σπάσις (spásis), σπασμός (spasmós), σπάσμα (spásma), σπαστικός (spastikós), σπώμενον (spṓmenon), σπάδιξ (spádix), σπαδίζω


interspace, interspatial, space, spatial, spatiate, subspace

spacer | spaces | spaced | spacers | spacely | respace


σπάδος (spádos) | σπάδων (spádōn) | σπαδοειδής


From Latin 'Hispania', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula, possibly derived from the Punic word 'I-Shpania' meaning 'land of rabbits'.


unsolicited | repetitive | mass-produced

spams | spammy | despam | unspam | spambot | spammer

shortened from Hormel Foods' brand name 'SPAM'


The Iberian country | Southwestern European nation

Hispanic, Hispanolia, Spaniard, spaniel, Spanish

spans | inspan | spaned | cospan | spanner | outspan

Greek spastikos spasmos span : to draw, to pull, to wrench


A slapping sound | the act of striking with the hand | a form of corporal punishment

spanks | spanko | spanky | spanker | spanked | spankee

from Old English 'sprengan' meaning to strike or splash


Derived from the verb 'span' (to stretch across) + agentive suffix '-er'


sparry | unspar | sparred | unspars | sparrer | sparring

Latin 'sparare' meaning 'to prepare, arrange, speak'


asperse | aspersion | aspersive | dispersal | disperse | dispersion | dispersive | insperse | inspersion | interspersal | intersperse | interspersion | nonaspersion | nondispersive | nonsparse | sparge | spargefaction | sparse | sparsity


a small fiery particle | to emit sparks | to ignite

sparks | sparky | sparkle | sparkly | sparked | sparker

Middle English 'sparke', related to Old English 'spearca'


to emit small flashes of light | to shine with a flickering light

sparkles | sparkler | asparkle | sparklers | sparkleth | sparklest


sparrows | sparrowy | sparrowish | sparrowdom | sparrowhawk | sparrowlike

Old English sparwa, of unknown origin, possibly related to Old Norse sparri


sparsed | sparsen | sparsely | sparsens | sparsedly | sparseness


spasms | spasmoid | myospasm | spasmogen | vasospasm | xyrospasm

Greek spasmos 'convulsion, pulling, drawing'


convulsive | irregular | occurring in bursts

spasmodics | antispasmodic | antispasmodics


spade | spatha | spathe | spay | feldspathic | spathaceous | spatula | spatulate Variant Spellings: feldspar | spade (card symbol) | feldspar


spatial, space, spacious, distance, expand


interspace | interspatial | space | spatial | spatiate | subspace

spationaut | spatiotopy | spationauts | spatiotopic | spatiokinetic | spatiotemporal


to strike or splash with small drops of liquid | to scatter or spread loosely

spatters | spattery | bespatter | spattered | bespatters | spattering


spatulalike | cyclospatula | microspatula | cyclospatulas

From Latin spatula, a diminutive of spatha 'broad blade, sword'


spawns | spawny | spawned | respawn | spawner | despawn


speaks | speako | speaker | bespeak | unspeak | adspeak

Proto-Germanic *sprekaną 'to speak, talk'


a pointed weapon for throwing or thrusting

spears | speary | speared | spearer | upspear | spearman

From Proto-Germanic *sperą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sper- "to throw, spear"


emerge | gaze | perceive | spectrum | direct attention | observe | examine

spectrum, inspect, respect, speculate, spectacle

spect / spect, spex / spex, spic / spic, spite / spite

https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/ | Cognatarium | http://www.palosverdes.com/jesse/pvphs/www—freecollege—com—vocab.htm


particular | distinct | unique | exceptional

specials | specially | unspecial | specialize | specialism | nonspecial

From Latin specialis 'of or belonging to a sort or class', from species 'kind, type'


species | oospecies | subspecies | speciesism | speciesist | ecospecies


interspecies, interspecific, intraspecies, intraspecific, special, speciality, speciation, specie, species, specific, specification, specificity, specimen, speciosity, subspeciality, subspecies, trispecific, unispecific

Latin specificus 'pertaining to a kind or sort', from species 'kind, type'


Latin specimen 'sample, example, proof' (from specere 'to look at')